Despite this, Christianity, in its different forms, remains the largest faith in most Western countries.[96]. Even following the Protestant Reformation, Protestant Europe continued to see itself as more tied to Roman Catholic Europe than other parts of the perceived civilized world. It is a generally accepted[citation needed] western view to recognize the existence of at least three "major worlds" (or "cultures", or "civilizations"), broadly in contrast with the Western: the Eastern world, the Arab and the African worlds, with no clearly specified boundaries. However, he does mention that the modus operandi of the Catholic Church was to incorporate native elements of pagan European cultures into the general dogma of Catholicism, and the Native American elements could be perceived in the same way. There is debate among some as to whether Latin America as a whole is in a category of its own. [citation needed], In the aftermath of the Second World War, decolonizing efforts were employed by all Western powers under United Nations (ex-League of Nations) international directives. [67], Parliament building, Portugal (1598–1938), Former Parliament building, Ireland (1729–96), Parliament building, United States (1783-1800), Parliament building, United Kingdom (1840–76), Parliament building, Switzerland (1852-1902), Parliament building, South Africa (1875–84), Parliament building, Colombia (1876-1926), Parliament building, Argentina (1896-1906), Parliament building, Guatemala (1926-1934), Abbey of Santa Giustina, Italy (1501–1606), St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City (1506-1626), St Paul's Cathedral, United Kingdom (1677-1708), Basilica-Cathedral of Our Lady of the Pillar, Spain (1681–1872), Basilica of St. John the Baptist, Canada (1839–55), Cathedral of Saint John the Divine, United States (1892–present), Westminster Cathedral, United Kingdom (1895–1910), Before the urbanisation and industrialization of the 1800s, demand for oriental goods such as porcelain, silk, spices and tea remained the driving force behind European imperialism in Asia, and (with the important exception of British East India Company rule in India) the European stake in Asia remained confined largely to trading stations and strategic outposts necessary to protect trade. The Emperor sent a plea to the Pope in Rome to send military aid to restore the lost territories to Christian rule. AbFab, edited by BobJarvis, "Here at the Western World" as written by Walter Carl Becker Donald J. Fagen. Latin alphabet world distribution. Christianization of Ireland (5th century), Christianization of Bulgaria (9th century), Christianization of Kievan Rus' (Russia, Ukraine, Belarus; 10th century), Christianization of Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway, Sweden; 12th century) and Christianization of Lithuania (14th century) brought the rest of present-day European territory into Western civilization. [65] The Holy Roman Empire was dissolved in 1806 by the French Revolutionary Wars; abolition of the Roman Catholic Inquisition followed. During these struggles hundreds of senators were killed, and the Roman Senate had been refilled with loyalists[vague] of the First Triumvirate and later those of the Second Triumvirate. Peter N. Stearns, Western Civilization in World History, Themes in World History, Routledge, 2008, Religions in Global Society – Page 146, Peter Beyer – 2006, Sri Aurobindo, "Ideal of Human Unity" included in. Western civilization traces its roots back to Europe and the Mediterranean.It is linked to ancient Greece, the Roman Empire and with Medieval Western Christendom which emerged from the Middle Ages to experience such transformative episodes as the Renaissance, the Reformation, the Enlightenment, the Industrial Revolution, scientific revolution, and the development of liberal democracy. [88][89][90] By August 2014, both sides had implemented economic, financial, and diplomatic sanctions upon each other: virtually all Western countries, led by the US and EU, imposed restrictive measures on Russia; the latter reciprocally introduced retaliatory measures. In 1440, Gutenberg introduced the printing press to the world – meaning that for the first time, books could be mass-produced. Augustine wrote in On True Religion: "Religion is to be sought... only among those who are called Catholic or orthodox Christians, that is, guardians of truth and followers of right. The Holy Roman Empire would dissolve on 6 August 1806, after the French Revolution and the creation of the Confederation of the Rhine by Napoleon. Carried to its limit, this would in practice include almost everyone within the West, in one way or another. One specific example was the requirement that post-colonial societies were made to form nation-states (in the Western tradition), which often created arbitrary boundaries and borders that did not necessarily represent a whole nation, people, or culture (as in much of Africa), and are often the cause of international conflicts and friction even to this day. The Western countries refer to countries mainly in Europe, the Americas, and Australasia. [45] This paved the way for Muslim conquests in present-day Turkey and the Balkans in the coming centuries (only a handful of the Crusaders followed to the stated destination thereafter, the Holy Land). [12] West was originally literal, opposing Catholic Europe with the cultures and civilizations of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, Southeast Asia and East Asia, which early-modern Europeans saw collectively as the East. Yet, the environments in which we live can favour health or be harmful to it. Finland was under the Soviet Union's military sphere of influence (see FCMA treaty) but remained neutral and was not communist, nor was it a member of the Warsaw Pact or Comecon but a member of the EFTA since 1986, and was west of the Iron Curtain. It came to dominate Western, Central and Southeastern Europe and the entire area surrounding the Mediterranean Sea through conquest using the Roman legions and then through cultural assimilation by eventually giving Roman citizenship privileges to the whole population. Western-world meaning Europe, the Americas and generally any country whose cultural and ethnic origins can mostly be traced to Europe, collectively. According to Samuel P. Huntington, some countries are torn on whether they are Western or not, with typically the national leadership pushing for Westernization, while historical, cultural and traditional forces remain largely non-Western. [5][b] The Western world is also known as the Occident (from the Latin word occidens, "sunset, West"), in contrast to the Orient (from the Latin word oriens, "rise, East") or Eastern world. Looking at the World’s Tattoos Photographer Chris Rainier travels the globe in search of tattoos and other examples of the urge to embellish our skin . [68] Industrialisation, however, dramatically increased European demand for Asian raw materials; and the severe Long Depression of the 1870s provoked a scramble for new markets for European industrial products and financial services in Africa, the Americas, Eastern Europe, and especially in Asia (Western powers exploited their advantages in China for example by the Opium Wars). Such voyages were influenced by medieval European adventurers after the European spice trade with Asia, who had journeyed overland to the Far East contributing to geographical knowledge of parts of the Asian continent. Much of this set of traditions and knowledge is collected in the Western canon. In much of the Western world, it is traditional to wear a wedding ring on the left-hand ring finger. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire and th… Ruthie will give you the silver key To open the red door: Lay down your Jackson and you will see The sweetness you've been crying for. Some geographers, however, define the Western Hemisphere as being the half of Earth that lies west of the Greenwich meridian (prime meridian, 0° longitude) continuing to the 180th meridian. It is also used despite many developed countries or regions not being Western (e.g. Some regions in Latin America incorporate indigenous cultures, which did not exist in Europe and were effectively annihilated in the United States, and whose importance oscillates between two extremes: Mexico, Central America, Peru and Bolivia, on the one hand, and Argentina and Chile on the other. See more. He also gives the example of Australia as a country torn between its Western civilizational heritage and its growing economic engagement with Asia. Additionally, Latin American and Orthodox worlds are sometimes separately considered "akin" to the West. [citation needed], The Portuguese spearheaded the drive to find oceanic routes that would provide cheaper and easier access to South and East Asian goods, by advancements in maritime technology such as the caravel ship introduced in the mid-1400s. Eastern Orthodox Christians, like those in Greece, continue the tradition of the Romans in this manner. However, while church attendance is in decline, in some western countries (i.e. western: [adjective] coming from the west. Earth was divided into three "worlds". Every person – in every country in the world – should have the opportunity to live a long and healthy life. ", "Modern West Civ. Before the abolition of its slave trade in 1807, the British Empire alone (which had started colonial efforts in 1578, almost a century after Portuguese and Spanish empires) was responsible for the transportation of 3.5 million African slaves to the Americas, a third of all slaves transported across the Atlantic. Timeline of generations in the Western world – retirement age and life expectancy are approximate. Western Wall, also called the Wailing Wall, in the Old City of Jerusalem, a place of prayer and pilgrimage sacred to the Jewish people. By 1913, the British Empire held sway over 412 million people, 23% of the world population at the time,[74] and by 1920, it covered 35,500,000 km2 (13,700,000 sq mi),[75] 24% of the Earth's total land area. The concept of the Western part of the earth has its roots in the theological, methodological and emphatical division between the Western Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches. [i][j][k] The European colonization of the Americas led to the Atlantic slave trade between the 1490s and the 1800s, which also contributed to the development of African intertribal warfare and racist ideology. [73], Between the 1870s and 1914 (the so-called Beautiful Era, socioeconomically optimistic and innovative decades of the Second Industrial Revolution), the established colonial powers in Asia (United Kingdom, France, Netherlands) added to their empires also vast expanses of territory in the Indian Subcontinent and South East Asia. A 'Modern West' emerged from the Late Middle Ages (after the Renaissance and fall of Constantinople) as a new civilization greatly influenced by the interpretation of Greek thought preserved in the Byzantine Empire, and transmitted from there by Latin translations and emigration of Greek scholars through Renaissance humanism. Several dates are commonly proposed to mark the transition from Republic to Empire, including the date of Julius Caesar's appointment as perpetual. [citation needed], In the early-19th century, the systematic urbanisation process (migration from villages in search of jobs in manufacturing centers) had begun, and the concentration of labour into factories led to the rise in the population of the towns. What does western mean? The Philippines is in itself a Spanish creation. The Free World is a propaganda term, primarily used during the Cold War from 1945 to 1992, to refer to the Western Bloc.More broadly, it has also been used [by whom?] It’s not about how we look, but about how people that have influence assign meaning to how we look. They are of enormous significance in Western history as they marked the beginning of the European exploration, colonization and exploitation of the American continents and their native inhabitants. Later, they expanded to the north of the Mediterranean Sea to include Western, Central, and Southeastern Europe. [97][98][99][100] The Philippines is in a unique situation where although; except for the very significant minority, the majority population is little to no European base, the culture is very western based. Human Development Index Report (based on 2018 data, published in 2019). Here’s What Your Passport Color Really Means. While often pointedly nationalist, these cultural and political leaders interacted within the West to such an extent as to change both themselves and the West. It might mean the Northern half of the North–South divide. For other uses, see, "Westerners" and "Occident" redirect here. [citation needed] Here’s an in-depth look at what various colors symbolize in cultures around the world. [69] This resulted in the so-called "New Imperialism", which saw a shift in focus from trade and indirect rule to formal colonial control of vast overseas territories ruled as political extensions of their mother countries. There followed the discovery of the American continent, and consequent dissolution of West Christendom as even a theoretical unitary political body, later resulting in the religious Eighty Years War (1568–1648) and Thirty Years War (1618–1648) between various Protestant and Catholic states of the Holy Roman Empire (and emergence of religiously diverse confessions). Even after demands for self-determination from subject peoples within Western empires were met with decolonization, these institutions persisted. But the end of Western colonial imperialism saw the rise of Westrern neocolonialism or economic imperialism. The Western world includes Western Europe, the Americas, and Australasia. Currently observing EST – Eastern Standard Time. Learn more. Another word for western. [citation needed], Ancient Rome (753 BC – AD 476) was a civilization that grew from a city-state founded on the Italian Peninsula about the 8th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. Westerner definition is - a native or inhabitant of the West; especially : a native or resident of the western part of the U.S.. How to use Westerner in a sentence. Historians agree that the Industrial Revolution has been one of the most important events in history. [93] The same has been done by Malthusian demographers with a sharp distinction between European and non-European family systems. The situation was a serious threat to the future of the Eastern Orthodox Byzantine Empire. Use of the term West as a specific cultural and geopolitical term developed over the course of the Age of Exploration as Europe spread its culture to other parts of the world. [102], The term "Western world" is sometimes interchangeably used with the term First World or developed countries, stressing the difference between First World and the Third World or developing countries. Herodotus considered the Persian Wars of the early 5th century BC a conflict of Europa versus Asia (which he considered all land north and east of the Sea of Marmara, respectively). [citation needed], The Latin Rite Catholic Church of western and central Europe split with the eastern Greek-speaking Patriarchates in the Christian East–West Schism, also known as the "Great Schism", during the Gregorian Reforms (calling for a more central status of the Roman Catholic Church Institution), three months after Pope Leo IX's death in April 1054. With the Crusades came the relative contraction of the Orthodox Byzantine's large silk industry in favour of Catholic Western Europe and the rise of Western Papacy. Secularism (separating religion from politics and science) increased. The Papal Inquisition was established in AD 1229 on a permanent basis, run largely by clergymen in Rome,[47] and abolished six centuries later. [1] However, he also states that, while in general researchers consider that the West has three main components (European, North American and Latin American), in his view, Latin America has followed a different development path from Europe and North America. [1] The country's elite started the Westernization efforts, beginning with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who took power as the first president of the modern Turkish nation-state in 1923, imposed western institutions and dress, removed the Arabic alphabet and embraced the Latin alphabet. [49][50][51][52], This very profitable Central European Fourth Crusade had prompted the 14th century Renaissance (translated as 'Rebirth') of Italian city-states including the Papal States, on eve of the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation (which established the Roman Inquisition to succeed the Medieval Inquisition). Spain did not join the NATO until 1982, seven years after the death of the authoritarian Franco. [97] A 2011 Pew Research Center survey found that 76.2% of Europeans, 73.3% in Oceania, and about 86.0% in the Americas (90% in Latin America and 77.4% in North America) described themselves as Christians. The crowning of the Emperor by the Pope led to the assumption that the highest power was the papal hierarchy, quintessential Roman Empire's spiritual heritage authority, establishing then, until the Protestant Reformation, the civilization of Western Christendom. The geopolitical divisions in Europe that created a concept of East and West originated in the Roman Empire. There, I finally said it. . Learn the meanings behind some of the most fascinating masks from around the world and find out where and when you can see them. Map showing relative degree of religiosity by country. Here at the Western World Ruthie will give you the silver key To open the red door: Lay down your Jackson and you will see The sweetness you've been crying for In the night you hide from the madman You're longing to be But it all comes out on the inside Eventually (Chorus) It has had a corporatist and authoritarian culture that Europe had to a much lesser extent. Russia’s Lavrov sketches out post-Western world order "It is time to stop applying Western metrics to our actions and stop trying to be liked by the West at any cost." [31], The term "Western culture" is used very broadly to refer to a heritage of social norms, ethical values, traditional customs, religious beliefs, political systems, and specific artifacts and technologies. [e] In 350 years, from the successful and deadliest war with the Phoenicians began in 218 BC to the rule of Emperor Hadrian by AD 117, Ancient Rome expanded up to twenty-five times its area. Committee on Foreign Relations. Some widen the term to include Latin America and other countries around the world that descended from European culture. The result was a series of western European military campaigns into the eastern Mediterranean, known as the Crusades. World population had been rising as well. Rome. Some Third World countries aligned themselves with either the US-led West or the Soviet-led Eastern bloc. While the second option is the most appropriate and useful for an analysis focused on the international political consequences of civilizations, including relations between Latin America, on the one hand, and North America and Europe, on the other, he also mentions that the underlying conflict of Latin America belonging to the West must eventually be addressed in order to develop a cohesive Latin American identity. [citation needed], The concept of Western culture is generally linked to the classical definition of the Western world. European Union (in blue) and European Free Trade Association (in green). The Third World consisted of countries, many of which were unaligned with either, and important members included India, Yugoslavia, Finland (Finlandization) and Switzerland (Swiss Neutrality); some include the People's Republic of China, though this is disputed, since the People's Republic of China, as communist, had friendly relations—at certain times—with the Soviet bloc, and had a significant degree of importance in global geopolitics. Great Britain showed ongoing responsibility for the welfare of its former colonies as member states of the Commonwealth of Nations. [failed verification][7][8]. The West rose further with the 18th century's Age of Enlightenment and through the Age of Exploration's expansion of peoples of Western and Central European empires, particularly the globe-spanning colonial empires of 18th and 19th centuries. The modern shape of these societies is strongly based upon the Industrial Revolution and the societies' associated social and environmental problems, such as class and pollution, as well as reactions to them, such as syndicalism and environmentalism. [56], Ibrahim Muteferrika, Rational basis for the Politics of Nations (1731)[57], Later concepts of a world of nation-states born by the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, coupled with the ideologies of the Enlightenment, the coming of modernity, the Scientific Revolution[58] and the Industrial Revolution,[59] would produce powerful social transformations, political and economic institutions that have come to influence (or been imposed upon) most nations of the world today. Westernization definition, the process of adopting, or of influencing others to adopt, ideas and practices characteristic of Europe and North America:Once preferred by most women in India, the sari became less popular due to westernization, with young women now preferring other attire such … [30] Whether Russia should be categorized as "East" or "West" has been "an ongoing discussion" for centuries. It is the only remains of the retaining wall surrounding the Temple Mount, the site of the First and Second Temples of Jerusalem. Sinai. Its movement was affected by the influence of the Byzantine empire and the fluctuating power and influence of the Catholic church in Rome. [citation needed], In modern usage, Western world refers to Europe and to areas whose populations largely originate from Europe, through the Age of Discovery's imperialism. In 1955, when Austria again became a fully independent republic, it did so under the condition that it remain neutral; but as a country to the west of the Iron Curtain, it was in the United States' sphere of influence. Lyrics submitted by (Popular typefaces such as italics were inspired and designed from transcriptions during this period.) 20 July 2010, "Why are most multinational corporations either from the US, Europe or Japan", "Western Civilization: A Brief History, Volume II: Since 1500" 2016, "Multinational corporations and United States foreign policy Part 11" 1975, "Testing Huntington: Is Hispanic Immigration a Threat to American Identity? [78][79] The dictum of Alfred Thayer Mahan is shown to have lasting relevance, that whoever controls the seas controls the world. From traditional architecture, fashion, music, cuisine and Christian religion. Although not part of Western colonization process proper, following the Middle Ages Western culture in fact entered other global-spanning cultures during the colonial 15th–20th centuries. Peninsula of Mt. Armenia lies in the highlands surrounding the mountains of Ararat.There is evidence of an early civilisation in Armenia in the Bronze Age and earlier, dating to about 4000 BC. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the beginning of the Medieval times (or Middle Ages), Western and Central Europe were substantially cut off from the East where Byzantine Greek culture and Eastern Christianity became founding influences in the Eastern European world such as the Eastern and Southern Slavic peoples. [91][92], The exact scope of the Western world is somewhat subjective in nature, depending on whether cultural, economic, spiritual or political criteria are employed. In its 10-centuries expansion, Roman civilization shifted from a small monarchy (753 – 509 BC), to a republic (509 – 27 BC), to an autocratic empire (27 BC – AD 476). [citation needed]. United States. Here at the Western World. [f], In AD 800 under Charlemagne, the Early Medieval Franks established an empire that was recognized by the Pope in Rome as the Holy Roman Empire (Latin Christian revival of the ancient Roman Empire, under perpetual Germanic rule from AD 962) inheriting ancient Roman Empire's prestige but offending the Roman Emperor in Constantinople. [14][15] This is most evident in Australia's inclusion in modern definitions of the Western world: despite being part of the Eastern hemisphere; these regions and those like it are included due to its significant British influence deriving from the colonisation of British explorers and the immigration of Europeans in the 20th century which has since grounded the country to the Western world politically and culturally.[16]. Division of the Roman Empire after 395 into western and eastern part. Western definition: Western means in or from the west of a region, state, or country. Italy itself was considered central, until the reforms of Diocletian dividing the Empire into true two halves: Eastern and Western. Oxford Dictionaries defines religion as the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods. Toynbee entered into quite an expansive mode, including as candidates those countries or cultures who became so heavily influenced by the West as to adopt these borrowings into their very self-identity. Historically, Latin America has been only Catholic, although this is changing due to the influx of Protestants into the region. [34], The terms "West" and "East" were not used by any Greek author to describe that conflict. Learn more. In 1492 European colonialism expanded across the globe with the exploring voyage of merchant, navigator, and Hispano-Italian colonizer Christopher Columbus. The definition of religion is a controversial and complicated subject in religious studies with scholars failing to agree on any one definition. Watch the video for Here at the Western World from Steely Dan's Showbiz Kids: The Steely Dan Story 1972 - 1980 for free, and see the artwork, lyrics and similar artists. From the time of Caesar (100 – 44 BC) to the Fall of the Western Roman Empire, Rome dominated Southern Europe, the Mediterranean coast of Northern Africa and the Western Middle East, including the ancient trade routes with population living outside. The Western world, also known as the West, refers to various regions, nations and states, depending on the context, most often consisting of the majority of Europe,[a] North America and Australasia. Here is an answer, based on an interview with Paul Davies, a theoretical physicist and cosmologist at Arizona State University and Director of BEYOND: Centre for Fundamental Concepts in Science. The Western Pacific Region is home to almost 1.9 billion people across 37 countries and areas in the Asia Pacific. [80], During the Cold War, a new definition emerged. 59% in the United Kingdom) and attend church on major occasions, such as Christmas and Easter. The opposite here is a non-western world in Africa, Asia and Latin America – now dubbed “the global south” – though many people in Latin America will claim a western inheritance, too. [l] The later years of the 19th century saw the transition from "informal imperialism" (hegemony)[m] by military influence and economic dominance, to direct rule (a revival of colonial imperialism) in the African continent and Middle East. ), whereas the West was much more rural in its character and more readily adopted Latin as its common language. The term "Western world" can mean a number of different things, but generally it refers to countries in Europe and North America. Non-lyrical content copyright 1999-2020 SongMeanings, Javascript must be enabled for the correct page display. Globally, NCD deaths are projected to increase by 15% between 2010 and 2020 (to 44 million deaths), with the highest numbers predicted in the Western Pacific (12.3 million deaths) and South-East Asia (10.4 million deaths) Regions. It used to mean particular goals that women wanted to achieve in order to have a more equitable and fair society for them to live in. [citation needed], Most of colonized nations received independence by 1960. The influential American conservative political scientist, adviser and academic Samuel P. Huntington argued that this cultural division still existed during the Cold War as the approximate Western boundary of those countries that were allied with the Soviet Union. 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